In re S.R. (Cal. Supreme Court - Dec. 1, 2025)

I really appreciate it when an opinion -- especially a California Supreme Court opinion -- explains at the outset (1) what the case is about, and (2) why, briefly, the opinion comes out the way it does. In truth, I'm going to read the whole thing regardless. But I like the roadmap. And, for different readers, including such an introduction may perhaps allow them to skip (or at least only peruse) the subsequent dozens of detailed pages.

For example, here's how Justice Liu begins his opinion today (with most citations omitted):

"California’s Child Abuse Central Index (CACI) is a database comprised of substantiated reports of “child abuse or severe neglect.” Certain state agencies are required to forward qualifying reports to the California Department of Justice (DOJ) for inclusion in the CACI. “[I]nformation included in the CACI is available to a wide variety of state agencies, employers, and law enforcement,” and inclusion of a parent’s conduct in the CACI carries significant consequences for the parent. (In re D.P. (2023) 14 Cal.5th 266, 279.) Once listed in the CACI, an individual remains listed until the age of 100, at which point the listing is removed.

The issue here is one we left open in In re D.P.: Whether a parent’s appeal from a juvenile court’s jurisdictional finding survives a mootness challenge where the parent shows that an agency must report the allegation underlying the court’s finding for inclusion in the CACI. The answer is yes. As the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (the Department) concedes, it is proper for a court to presume an agency will fulfill its reporting duty. Reversal of a jurisdictional finding can redress that harm by prompting removal of the parent from the CACI or by preserving a parent’s right to a grievance hearing to challenge an agency’s failure to reclassify the report as unsubstantiated. Thus, a parent demonstrates “a specific legal or practical consequence that would be avoided upon reversal of the jurisdictional findings” (In re D.P., supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 273) when the parent shows that the challenged allegation is one that an agency must report for inclusion in the CACI.

Here, the Department acknowledges that it is required to report the allegation against S.F. (Mother) to the DOJ for inclusion in the CACI. There is also no genuine dispute that Mother will suffer harm from being included in the CACI. Because Mother has demonstrated that this specific consequence could be rectified or avoided if she prevails in challenging the allegation on appeal, “the case is not moot, and merits review is required.” (In re D.P., supra, 14 Cal.5th at p. 283.) Accordingly, we reverse the order dismissing Mother’s appeal and remand to the Court of Appeal for further proceedings."

Beautiful. Love it.

People v. North River Ins. Co. (Cal. Ct. App. - Nov. 24, 2025)

Justice Wiley's brevity doesn't always work for me. But sometimes it lands exceptionally well. This opinion is an example of the latter.

The case was in the Court of Appeal, went up to the California Supreme Court, and is now back down. In the California Supremes, the majority opinion reversed and remanded, and Justice Kruger wrote a fairly detailed concurring opinion. So now the case is back in the Court of Appeal. Hence the current opinion.

Here's the first paragraph of the opinion that I really liked, especially the italicized word:

"The Supreme Court remanded the case to us. We adopt Justice Kruger’s concurring analysis. (North River, supra, 18 Cal.5th at pp. 23–32.) This analysis is not binding authority, because the majority of the high court did not speak to the issue she addressed. This analysis is, however, persuasive. It is highly persuasive. We remand the case to the trial court for the decisionmaking this analysis requires."

I smiled at that one.

The final substantive paragraph of Justice Wiley's opinion also gave me a chuckle. It reads (with, again, the italics in the original):

"The prosecution argues the majority did not share Justice Kruger’s analysis. That is not what the majority wrote. Rather, the high court acknowledged Justice Kruger’s concurrence and stated the “majority opinion expresses no views on those questions.” (North River, supra, 18 Cal.5th at p. 20, fn. 5, italics added.) We interpret this to mean the majority expressed no views on those questions."

Ho ho ho. Love it.

Deol v. California Vet. Med. Bd. (Cal. Ct. App. - Nov. 24, 2025)

Today in the Court of Appeal has been mostly a day for error correction. Three different opinions correct typos and other minor errors in previously published opinions: here, here and here. Clearing the slate before the Thanksgiving holiday, perhaps.

Meanwhile, here's a substantive opinion that involves an appeal from, of all places, the California Veterinary Board. I've seen a number of different appeals from the Medical Board, of course. But this is the first one I recall that revoked a veterinary license. And before reading today's opinion, I would have thought that you'd have to do a lot to get your veterinary license revoked. Apparently not. The petitioner here got his license revoked for "negligence, incompetence, and unprofessional conduct" because he administered the DA2PP and Bordetella vaccines to an eight year old cocker spaniel despite having a fever of 103.4 degrees. He didn't tell the dog's owners about the fever or that administering vaccines to a febrile dog could cause serious disease and death, and the dog subsequently died. There was apparently one other animal death in the past as well, and based on that, his license got revoked, and the Court of Appeal affirms (as well as reinstates an alternative charge).

Admittedly, I would not be psyched if my dog died to my veterinarian's incompetence, and I would instead be super upset. But until today, I wouldn't have thought that it was feasible that his license might be taken away for the thing.

Apparently, at least in some settings, that's definitely on the table.

Who knew?

OneTaste, Inc v. NetFlix, Inc. (Cal. Ct. App. - Nov. 20, 2025)

There you have it. As of today, the phrase "Orgasm Cult" has been officially introduced into the published opinions of the California Appellate Reports.

P.S. - For clarity, when people refer to going to the "O.C.", they're usually referring to Orange County.

Schlichter v. Kennedy (Cal. Ct. App. - Nov. 17, 2025)

I'm surprised -- very surprised, actually -- that the Court of Appeal only imposes $1,750 in sanctions against the attorney here. I would have imposed a greater penalty. As well as have been much meaner.

It's another one of these "AI hallucination" cases, where someone writes a brief in whole or part with artificial intelligence that contains made-up cases (or cases with made-up citations) that fail to support anything relevant. Once caught, what attorneys generally do in these settings is to deliver to the court a huge mea culpa -- sometimes combined with a "Oh but we try real hard to catch these things, so sorry we failed in this particular case" defense. They generally end up getting sanctioned, of course, but the court at least appreciates their candor. And, in most cases, anyway, their apology. (Though, at the same time, also understanding the strategic nature of those admissions.)

The attorney here, by contrast, adopts a different approach. Once caught, after the Court of Appeal issued an order to show cause, he initially told the justices that the miscited cases were entirely his fault, and said that "the core allegation as to using 'AI hallucination' cases is entirely untrue" -- asserting instead that "none of the cases was the product of an AI hallucination, and these errors are entirely clerical in nature." He proposed that he be sanctioned $500 and not required to show up at the hearing on the OSC, but the Court of Appeal refused to discharge the writ. 

At the hearing, the lawyer -- Jeffrey Dean Grotke -- admitted that he had used AI in preparing the brief, ostensibly only to better organize the brief. The Court of Appeal was not persuaded, and repeatedly held that Grotke's responses to the court were "not credible" (as well as lacked "candor") -- and described in substantial detail the basis for the court's belief in this regard. In the end, it sanctions Grotke $1,750, to be paid to the Court of Appeal, and directs that the opinion be sent to the State Bar.

All that seems entirely appropriate to me. It's good to publish opinions that make clear, even though it's crystal clear already, that attorneys have to be diligent in verifying their AI-generated work. And when they're not, it's entirely appropriate to not only publish the underlying opinion, as well as to refer to the sanctioned attorney by name, but to also send that opinion to the State Bar.

But I would have been even harsher here. It's one thing to prepare an AI-generated brief without checking the resulting work product. That's wrong, but it's only negligence. It's another thing, after being caught, to make representations to the court about that brief that are factually untrue. That's intentionally deceptive -- as well as premeditated.

Words like "not credible" and "lacks candor" are, in my view, entirely accurate to describe such conduct, but too soft. To me, that's an even more serious offense. And deserving of an even harsher response.

When you make a mistake, honorable people own up to it. To do otherwise, especially to a court, bespeaks volumes about one's character.

People v. Demacedo (Cal. Ct. App. - Nov. 13, 2025)

I'm conflicted.

When I read the facts, I want this guy to be severely punished. He drives while intoxicated, and heavily so: a .18. He crashes into another car in which four people are travelling, killing three of them and severely injuring the fourth.

That's a nightmare. Three innocent people dead, and other scarred for life. All as a result of someone who deliberately drove while drunk.

Then I read the guy's sentence. 47 years to life.

You get less than that for deliberate first-degree murders. People who intentionally cause death. There's part of me that finds that seriously wrong. Seriously.

I'm not sure where I ultimately come out; what the correct sentence should be. Because I remain torn.

But, at a minimum, reading this opinion definitely generates thoughts. As well as emotions.

In re A.H. (Cal. Ct. App. - Nov. 12, 2025)

Rarely is one's relationship with one's child perfect. But before one exaggerates one's own problems, it might be valuable to compare one's own situation to that of others. Like this parent:

On May 7, 2024, the district attorney filed a wardship petition and, on May 17, amended it to allege that then 16-year-old A.H. committed second degree robbery and grand theft of a person. . . . On June 14, A.H. was adjudged a ward of the juvenile court, placed on probation, and released to home supervision in his mother’s home with a GPS ankle monitor, subject to various terms and conditions. 

On June 24, the probation department filed a notice of probation violation. On June 25, A.H. admitted he violated the conditions of probation by failing to obey his mother, leaving his residence on multiple occasions without probation’s approval, and violating curfew. . . . On August 14, the probation filed another notice of probation violation. [On] August 27, A.H. admitted he violated the conditions of probation by failing to attend two meetings of his mentorship program, testing positive for THC, and smoking marijuana. [P.S. - Justice Richman might want to edit the opinion to include the missing "On"]

. . . . [T]he public defender’s office had A.H. assessed by a doctor, who diagnosed A.H. with several mental health conditions including depression, anxiety, and cannabis use disorder. . . . On September 18, the probation department filed a memorandum indicating that probation again had A.H. screened for eligibility and suitability in an STRTP. Based on that screening, probation found A.H.’s suitability in an STRTP “still highly questionable.” However, because A.H.’s mother recently expressed she did not feel safe with her son in her house due to his past negative behavior towards her and was no longer willing to house him, probation concluded it was “left with no other option but determine that placement be ordered.”"

Obviously, there are worse relationships, and more troubled children. But when a mother no longer feels safe with her own son, and is now unwilling to live with him, that's really not good.

Hunt v. PriceWaterhouseCoopers (9th Cir. - Nov. 10, 2025)

To work -- or at least to work efficiently -- capital markets require integrity. After reading hundreds of securities fraud cases over the last quarter century, I'm just not sure they in fact possess that quality.

Today's opinion is typical of what I often see. A company (here, Bloom Energy) designs and sells fuel-cell servers. It's a private company, but wants to (and eventually does) issue an IPO.

It could just present its finances in a straightforward manner. But no. Instead, it enters into various sale-leaseback arrangements where it (1) sells an energy server to a bank, (2) leases that same energy server back from the bank, and then (3) subleases that server to a customer, alongside a contract to service the server (which, technically, the bank owns).

There are a whole bunch of rules about whether these types of sale-leaseback arrangements are operating versus capital leases. The company desperately wants it to be classified as an operating lease, and designs the contracts accordingly. It thus values the leases (and resulting income) as operating leases, persuades its accountants to get on board, and goes public -- resulting in an infusion of half a billion dollars.

Later on, when the accountants inquire further into the underlying leases, the company regretfully has to reclassify the leases as capital leases, and on the day they make the announcement doing so, the now-public stock plummets 13.8%.

There's no way that normal people -- even smart normal people -- can figure out what's going on with the underlying machinations. And stuff like this happens all the time. I've gradually gotten a keen sense that I can't really rely at all on the purported income and profits claimed by large public companies. Could they be accurate? Of course they could. But they could also consist of a wide variety of this sort of stuff as well -- either in whole or in part. And there's absolutely no way for me to tell.

Now, because these things are so pervasive, it's not like I really have a ton of alternative investment options, at least in terms of equities.

But I'd be lying if I said that this uncertainty doesn't infect my investment calculus. It does. For sure.

Which is unfortunate. I'm profoundly unhappy with a system that both allows and rewards stuff like this.

State of California v. Del Rosa (9th Cir. - Nov. 7, 2025)

It's rare to see the State of California as a plaintiff. But here, it sues a corporation that's owned by an Indian tribe, alongside some individual defendants, who are illegally selling cigarettes to non-tribal members without paying the required taxes -- all in violation of federal law.

Good for California, I say.

It's also stunning to see both how long this litigation has taken -- California first started its attempts to enforce federal law against the defendants back in 2018 -- as well as how powerless the federal courts have been in the underlying litigation. The district court entered a preliminary injunction in 2023, and the Ninth Circuit affirmed in 2024, and yet according to footnote five of today's opinion, here's how effective that injunction has been:

"Defendants apparently have not complied with the preliminary injunction. In February 2024, following a contempt motion by California, the district court found that California “provided evidence showing Azuma has continued to deliver cigarettes on its own behalf” “to the same customers previously identified in the preliminary injunction record.” Even after California filed for contempt, but before the district court ruled, Azuma “shipped an estimated additional 2.5 million cigarettes” in violation of the preliminary injunction. In February 2025, California filed a notice of violation that “the distribution of Azuma cigarettes ha[d] continued uninterrupted,” and that Azuma had distributed over 29 million cigarettes since February 2024."

Bold indeed.

Let's hope that future enforcement efforts are a bit more rigorous.

Coastal Environmental Rts. Found. v. Naples Rest. Group (9th Cir. - Nov. 5, 2025)

This is a fairly long opinion -- a couple of dozen single-spaced pages -- arising out of a fireworks display in which one of the fireworks failed to timely explode (and hence landed in, and thus marginally polluted, the water in the bay) and after which the defendant paid $3,576 for a permit. A lengthy litigation, multiple appeals, some district court factfinding, and ultimately a dismissal on grounds of mootness.

Lots of work for very little bang. (If you'll pardon the pun.)

On the upside, I thought that Judge Donato's concurrence (sitting by designation) was nice. He says:

"The new opinion replaces the original opinion from which I dissented. My view in the dissent was that the majority was rushing to declare the case moot without adequate support in the record, which I concluded was inconsistent with governing law. . . . The record has changed. . . . The district court determined that Naples “has continued to pay the annual fee for the NPDES permit” after receiving additional evidence on remand. The district court concluded that “it is absolutely clear that [Naples’s] discharge of pollutants without a permit is not reasonably likely to recur,” based on its review of the parties’ submissions on remand and the trial record. Because I see no clear error in these findings, I concur that this case is moot."

I like it when judges are willing to reconsider their position. In light of, as here, new evidence -- or even otherwise.

Valame v. Trump (9th Cir. - Nov. 4, 2025)

Why, exactly, are we publishing this opinion, which affirms in four brief paragraphs the dismissal of a frivolous pro se complaint?

I'm at a loss.

Cocoa A.J. Holdings v. Schneider (Cal. Ct. App. - Nov. 3, 2025)

I'm honestly not sure who to root for here. Do I root for the owner of a fractional timeshare in a condo complex near Ghirardelli Square who really, really likes to litigate against the condo association? Or do I root for the condo association, who seems equally committed to squashing that particular owner?

It's hard. Because I'm not really feeling a lot of love for either of them.

For now, though, the condo owner wins, as the Court of Appeal affirms the grant of his anti-SLAPP motion.

Hopefully the parties will at some point simply agree to separate peacefully.

It's not a great union.

People v. Guevara (Cal. Ct. App. - Oct. 31, 2025)

The Court of Appeal holds that defendant's attorney was constitutionally deficient for, among other things, not filing a brief for over a year and a half (despite numerous extensions), and on that basis reverses and remands. The Court also forwards its opinion to the State Bar. All of that makes sense when one reads the opinion.

But I wonder why the opinion -- presumably deliberately -- leaves out the name of defendant's attorney. It's definitely something I'd want to know. Particularly if I was a defendant who also had that lawyer represent me, or if I was thinking about retaining that lawyer currently.

An interesting omission.

People v. Sevilla (Cal. Ct. App. - Oct. 27, 2025)

Defendant has no criminal history, is a productive member of society and supports a family. He was nonetheless found guilty of voluntary manslaughter for the following facts. 

What sentence do you think he received -- or, alternatively (or in addition), what sentence do you think would be appropriate?

"In the early hours of November 6, 2020, Sevilla used his employer’s company truck to commute to work from his home in Oakland. In the truck, he carried a loaded .45 caliber semi-automatic handgun that he had purchased illegally. During the drive, he encountered a woman—the victim in this case—in an area he knew was frequented by prostitutes. The victim approached the truck at a traffic light, and she offered to engage in an unspecified sex act for money. Sevilla agreed. 

The victim got in the truck and directed Sevilla to drive to a nearby park. The victim texted someone throughout the drive. Once they arrived at the park, she continued to text, and then she asked for $200. According to Sevilla, he took out roughly $500 in cash from his pocket, and the victim pulled out a gun and demanded it all. After Sevilla surrendered his money, the woman got out of his truck, ran across the street, and got inside a car that was parked with the lights off. Surveillance video captured the victim jog across the street and enter the car, but it did not show what took place in the truck, nor did it show that she was carrying cash or a gun.

The two vehicles sat still for about two minutes until Sevilla decided to confront the occupants of the other car. He retrieved his handgun from under the passenger seat as he made a three-point turn, pulled up next to the car, and turned on his headlights. The driver of the car, Samuels, rolled down his window, and Sevilla partly lowered his window. Samuels then produced a large handgun.

Sevilla testified that, after a brief verbal exchange, Samuels fired at him. Sevilla said he felt two bullets go past his head and the truck window’s glass rain down on him. Sevilla further testified that, in response to being shot at, he “grabbed the firearm,” “racked the slide,” and “shot off two shots” “[t]owards the driver[,] [t]owards the car,” even though he “knew” both Samuels and the victim were only three to four feet away in the car.

The surveillance video captured the gunfight but did not resolve who fired first. Nor did the surveillance video capture what happened inside the two vehicles. The physical evidence showed that, in total, counting both of them, Sevilla and Samuels fired five to six shots from two different guns. 

Without checking to see if anyone had been hurt, Sevilla sped off and drove to work. He had, however, shot the victim in the head. Samuels drove her to the hospital where she later died."

In short, during a robbery, the robber and the victim get into a shootout and one of the robbers dies. The victim could have let the robber go, but doesn't. Both the robber and the victim shot at each other. What sentence for the victim of the robbery/perpetrator of the voluntary manslaughter?

Answer (at least in the present case) . . . .

Over 21 years in prison.

U.S. v. VanDyke (9th Cir. - Oct. 27, 2025)

It's a Second Amendment gun case in the Ninth Circuit, involving someone named VanDyke who was under a harassment no-contact order for repeatedly stalking his victim. VanDyke claimed, successfully in the district court, that the Second Amendment entitled him to have a weapon, including but not limited to bringing his handgun to the courthouse (which he did).

I know what you may be thinking. No. It's not that VanDyke.

This case involves Ryan VanDyke. From Idaho. Here's what he did:

"In May 2023, Ryan VanDyke walked into an Idaho state courthouse carrying a fully loaded Smith & Wesson .38 revolver. At the time, he was subject to a civil protection order and a no-contact order and faced a felony stalking charge—all because he had persistently ignored court orders to stay away from a woman who wanted to escape his prolonged harassment."

When I first read the caption, I knew it wasn't Judge VanDyke, since the defendant's first name was Ryan rather than Lawrence. I also immediately looked to see if Judge VanDyke wrote the opinion, or was on the panel. Nope.

The opinion is instead written by Judge McKeown. It reverses the district court, holding that the Second Amendment does not grant Mr. VanDyke the right to possess a weapon in this particular setting.

But I was kinda hoping to hear Judge VanDyke's views on this one.

If only because it's not a totally common name.

Gilbert v. 7-Eleven, Inc. (9th Cir. - Oct. 24, 2025)

I do not disagree with anything Judge Sung says in this opinion. Yes, the plaintiff here -- a disabled person -- deliberately visited the 7-11 store at issue with the express hope of finding obstacles that he could then file a lawsuit about. He'd be hard pressed to argue otherwise, since he's previously filed 70 other ADA lawsuits, and that's fairly clearly why he chose to visit this particular store. (Plus, he's currently deceased, so he'd be hard pressed to personally argue anything, but that's an entirely different mater.)

But that doesn't negate his lawsuit. The relevant statute doesn't say anything about the plaintiff's intent. Here, the plaintiff was, in fact, injured as a result of the barriers he faced. It made them more difficult to get around. That's all that's required. So he gets his statutory minimum $4,000 in damages.

(His lawyer, of course, gets a ton more, which is really what the economics of the lawsuit is all about. But that's a sub rosa issue doctrinally irrelevant to the current appeal.)

Again, everything that Judge Sung says is correct. Zero problem with it on my end.

Let me just nonetheless say two things.

First, to me, there's a serious tension between this doctrinal reality and the typical standing requirements. As a practical matter, the reason that intent doesn't matter under the relevant statutes is because we want disabled plaintiffs to root out the underlying evil (the lack of accommodations) even if discovering such obstacles and filing a lawsuit is what motivated the plaintiff to go out there in the first place. That's fine, of course. We do indeed want businesses to be accessible, which is why (1) we have the law, and (2) allow individuals to enforce by filing suit. The fact that this individual plaintiff encountered an obstacle solely because he went out looking for it doesn't matter. We want the law to be enforced, and if fee-motivated plaintiffs is one way in which that law gets enforced, so be it. We're fine with that.

But if that's the case -- and it undoubtedly is -- then why require an underlying injury at all? Why shouldn't a non-disabled person be able to sue as well? After all, they're a person, and they're equally able to spot, and file lawsuits, about non-accessible spaces. Why do we encourage only disabled people -- the ones with the least ability (oftentimes) to travel -- to motor around a city looking for these problems? Why not hold that everyone has standing to sue? (As we indeed do with, say, "testers" in housing discrimination suits.)

Second, I wonder if the better argument for the defendant in cases like this is a fair piece different from the one made by appellants here. Defendants' argument centers on claims that the plaintiff wasn't a "bona fide" customer and things like that. Arguments that the Ninth Circuit correctly rejects.

Perhaps a better argument would be to assert that plaintiffs like this one aren't actually "injured" by the underlying barrier. After all, they went looking for those barriers, and were hoping to find them. It's hard to argue that one suffers harm from something that one is actively seeking out and hoping to encounter. Indeed, the real injury would be if the plaintiff didn't discover a barrier. In such cases, their time and effort would be for naught. If you asked them: "How'd it go on your trip outside today?", if they didn't encounter an ADA violation, they'd honestly say "It sucked; a waste of time and money." Whereas if, as here, they did, they'd say "Fantastic: I found exactly what I hoped to fine, and that makes me happy." It's at least facially difficult to argue that one in fact suffers harm when one obtains precisely the thing that one desires. A kiss on the cheek is a harmful assault if that's not what you're looking for, whereas it's not an injury at all if that's how you hoped the evening would end.

So an interesting case, and one that turns out right. But that nonetheless raises interesting questions, I think.

County of Los Angeles v. Quinn Emanuel (Cal. Ct. App. - Oct. 23, 2025)

My old law firm -- Quinn Emanuel -- loses its appellate attempt to recover $1.7 million in fees and costs that it expended on behalf of its client, former Sheriff Alex Villanueva.

That hurts, of course. It's $1.7 million.

Though I am extraordinarily confident that the firm, and its partners, remain far from poor.

People v. Rosen (App. Div. - Oct. 22, 2025)

Published opinions from the Appellate Division are always interesting because they typically involve small-value but oft-repeated situations. Like here. Barry Rosen gets an automated red light ticket and fights it. He loses, but appeals, saying that the particular employee who issued the ticket wasn't a peace officer and wasn't qualified to write the citation (even though, thereafter, it was reviewed and confirmed by a police officer at trial).

The Appellate Division agrees. Red light ticket dismissed.

There's a net public benefit to litigation like this one, in my view. The net result will likely be that the City of Hawthorne -- and perhaps other cities like it -- will change, albeit perhaps very slightly, the types of persons who initially review and issue red light tickets (or at least their formal job title). That's probably what the Legislature intended, so great, the law will work as supposed. Tickets still go out, but there's a tiny (alleged) increase in quality control before they do. Great.

Now, was it worth the extensive litigation below, as well as on appeal, to get there? Probably not. Reading today's opinion, I get the keen sense that the appellant (and recipient of the ticket) -- Barry W. Rosen -- did a ton of work here. I mean: a ton. It's a simple red light ticket. The opinion reflects (1) a motion to compel discovery filed by Mr. Rosen (and denied); (2) multiple continuances (the ticket was issued on September 10, 2022, and the court trial didn't happen until almost two full years later, starting on August 6, 2024); (3) the filing of three separate pretrial motions in limine filed by Mr. Rosen (and denied); (4) a mid-trial motion to dismiss by Mr. Rosen (and denied); (5) the resulting appeal and resolution (at which Mr. Rosen prevails); (6) multiple motions on appeal filed by Mr. Rosen to augment the record; and (7) two different oral arguments on appeal -- one initially, and another (requested by Mr. Rosen) after a change in the panel.

That's a lot. For a simple red light ticket.

Now, again, in the end, Mr. Rosen prevails. Good for him (and, perhaps, everyone).

But I'm always intrigued by pro se litigants who spend a ton of time on contested, low stakes disputes like this one. I read about many of them, and know some of them personally. They spend a massive amount of time, particularly relative to the stakes at hand, litigating the matter to conclusion.

One the one hand: I get it. We're a nation of laws. When the law is violated, everyone -- including the litigant -- has an interest in getting it right. We want people to do what they're supposed to, and when they don't, we want them held accountable.

But on the other hand, the dispute often involves matters that most "regular" people simply let go, or as to which they devote minimal efforts. As here, they just pay the stupid red light ticket. Or they fight it in court for 30 minutes ago and, whichever way it goes, end it there.

Not here. Instead, it's a major fight. Over a traffic ticket. Something that the overwhelming number of recipients who simply pay and move on.

A little digging reveals that there's indeed a "Barry W. Rosen" in the Los Angeles area (which is where the ticket here was issued) who's described in at least one opinion as a "serial litigant" who fights a fair number of pro se fights. Regardless of whether it's the same Barry Rosen, it's interesting to me to see pro se litigants who serially litigate things like this. Some of them have obviously sufficient intellectual chops to become lawyers, had they elected to go that route. Others have very particular impressions on what the law "is" or should be.

Anyway, an interesting world. At issue, at least in part, in this particular red light ticket dispute.

U.S. v. Kroytor (9th Cir. - Oct. 21, 2025)

I suspect that Yuly Kroytor was amongst the most severely unhappy people upon President Trump's election in 2024.

He's a U.S. permanent resident (as of 1995) from Canada, and he pled guilty to health care fraud in 2003. The government commenced removal proceedings in 2008 -- after stopping him at the Canadian border in 2007 as he came back to the U.S. -- and he's been filing motions in immigration court and in federal court ever since, principally focused on attempting to get his criminal conviction overturned. All unsuccessful. Including today's opinion, which again finds against Mr. Kroytor.

That, as far as I can tell anyway, for now, he still appears to remain in the United States.

Though I can't imagine for long.

King v. Villegas (9th Cir. - Oct. 20, 2025)

Judge Fletcher's majority opinion simply has the better of the argument here. Yes, the Supreme Court has held that, as a matter of issue preclusion, you can't file a civil suit if you were found (or pled) guilty to the underlying offense. But the defendant here entered a nolo contendere plea, which expressly doesn't admit guilt. Judge Callahan's dissent admittedly gives potentially good reasons why, as a policy matter, we might want to hold that such pleas also bar civil lawsuits. 

But there's a rule about this: Federal Rule of Evidence 410(a). The text of that provision is both clear and categorical: 

"In a civil or criminal case, evidence of the following is not admissible against the defendant who made the plea or participated in the plea discussions: . . . (2) a nolo contendere plea; (3) a statement made during a proceeding on either of those pleas."

Further, the history of that rule, as well as the express purpose of its 1979 amendment, makes crystal clear that the rule was intended to function in precisely the manner described by Judge Fletcher. So it's not that Judge Callahan doesn't have an argument. It's just not the law.

In my view, if the Supreme Court wants to have nolo contendere pleas bar subsequent civil suits, then it can easily accomplish this objective. Just change Rule 410(a) -- which the Supreme Court itself created (and can amend). No problem. But, at present, the rule says that if you plead nolo contendere, that fact can't be used against you in a civil suit. Period. Hence today's result.

The end of Judge Callahan's dissent also seemed a bit overly aggressive to me. The last paragraph says:

"Finally, the scope and impact of the majority opinion should not be underestimated. Very few criminal cases actually go to trial, most are resolved at the pleading stage, and many of those are the result of nolo contendere pleas. Thus, the majority’s strained reading of Rule 410(a) would subject state officials to a broad swath of civil cases that as a matter of fact imply the invalidity of the plaintiffs’ underlying convictions and thus should be barred under Heck, as is the case here. Indeed, the majority’s approach paves the way for criminal defendants to plead nolo contendere to criminal charges and then sue the officers for their actions in apprehending them."

The predicate fact -- that most cases get resolved by pleas -- is undeniably true, but the conclusion she reaches does not necessarily follow (at all) from that premise. In particular, while criminal defendants might perhaps in particular cases have some incentive under today's ruling to potentially plead nolo contendere (rather than guilty), the state has no obligation to accept such a plea. Every single state -- as well as the federal system -- that allows such a plea allows a court, in its discretion, to reject such a proposed plea. And several states categorically don't allow such pleas in any event (and others severely restrict them). So if it's one of those settings in which a nolo contendere plea would indeed "subject state officials to a broad swath of civil cases," the state should (and presumably would) neither offer nor agree to such a plea deal. And if the defendant nonetheless insists upon "pleading to the sheet" (i.e., not striking a "deal", but instead just pleading no contest to the entirety of the charges), then the state can object to that request and inform the court that they'd rather have a trial, and let the judge know why the plea should be rejected. As a practical, as well as legal, matter, I think that the risk of expansive state civil liability from nolo contendere pleas is practically zero. No one's required to make those deals, the court has discretion to reject them, and the state is exceptionally well situated to protect its own interests in these matters. Today's opinion won't substantially move the needle on this point at all.

As if the Supreme Court disagrees, well, then it can amend Rule 410 accordingly. Their call.

Kouvabina v. Veltman (Cal. Ct. App. - Oct. 16, 2023)

I would mention this opinion regardless, since it concerns an attorney who's declared -- by the Court of Appeal, no less -- to be a vexatious litigant. Unusual, to say the least.

Not surprisingly, it's a family law case. An ugly, messy divorce.

What I found particularly interesting about the opinion, however, is what's nowhere inside of it.

The opinion mentions that the person declared a vexatious litigant -- Elena Kouvabina -- is an attorney, and that he former spouse is also an attorney. Otherwise, there's pretty much nothing about the litigants.

But in less than sixty seconds of digging, I discovered that the vexatious litigant at issue graduated from U.C. Berkeley Law School. Not your usual background for a vexatious litigant. And that she previously worked at Wilson Sonsini. Again, not what I expected.

And that she currently works as a staff attorney . . . at the Commission on Judicial Performance.

So, yes, the lawyer declared a vexatious litigant by the justices on the Court of Appeal is responsible for evaluating misconduct allegations against these very same judges.

Wow.

Ani v. Bondi (9th Cir. - Oct. 16, 2025)

Daniel Ani would not have been kicked out of the United States had this case been twenty, or even ten, years ago.

Mr. Ani, who is a citizen of Nigeria, consistently testified that he was a member of a nonviolent group (MASSOB) that advocated for an independent state of Biafra. The Nigerian government strongly disliked that group. He said that the police attacked his group's meetings, shot and killed people, tortured him by putting a stick up his anus, kidnapped him, and did a wide variety of other despicable acts designed to persecute him for his political beliefs. And he has a contemporary newspaper article from a neutral reporter that describes his escape, by name, from one of these attacks by the government.

But Mr. Ani wanted to escape Nigeria so much that while here on a student visa, he paid someone $6,000 to marry him, and ultimately confessed to that scheme. Even though that sham marriage had nothing to do with his political persecution (other than perhaps being motivated by his desire to stay out of Nigeria), the immigration officer held that this lie, standing alone, was a sufficient basis upon which to hold that Mr. Ani was lying about everything he ever said. So you don't have to believe the newspaper article, the detailed and consistent testimony about political attacks (backed up by country reports), etc.

The Ninth Circuit affirms. 

California Dental Ass'n v. Delta Dental (Cal. Ct. App. - Oct. 10, 2025)

I discovered from this opinion that Delta Dental "is the state’s largest provider of dental plans." Maybe some readers have it.

Regardless, if you want to learn about the internal intricacies of this organization, Justice Banke lays them out in this 40+ page opinion. Suffice it to say that some dentists were unhappy about how they were paid, and sued, but lost.

In the meantime: Take care of your teeth.

U.S. v. Tainewasher (9th Cir. - Oct. 10, 2025)

There's a ton of value in Judge Graber's dissent here, particularly about what it means (or does not mean) for a district court to have committed "plain error." Definitely worth reading.

On the merits, personally, I'm fairly confident that the defendant here did indeed actually commit at least one drug offense, and not merely attempt to do so via Facebook. Here are the relevant messages:

"[O]n April 23, 2020, Tainewasher received a Facebook message from “Trigger Tre” stating, “I really need em ill get em off yu fasure,” and asking, “Do yu have em or not[?]” Tainewasher replied, “No I don’t . . . I was selling them for someone I will have more later.” A few days later, on April 29, 2020, Tainewasher messaged Trigger Tre that she “got pills.” Trigger Tre replied, “Rn?” (meaning right now), to which Tainewasher replied, “Yea.” 

On April 27, 2020, Tainewasher received a message from another individual asking if she “ha[d] any blk” (a term for heroin). She replied that she could “get you some,” which she would “[t]rade for shards” (a term for methamphetamine). On April 28, 2020, Tainewasher wrote back that, “I have dark” (a term for heroin), and the two messaged about the logistics of a meet-up. 

And on June 9, 2020, Tainewasher received a message from yet another individual, who asked, “U know where I could get a ball of shards[?]” (a term for 3.5 grams of methamphetamine). Tainewasher replied, “Yea I’ll have it in a bit.” Approximately one hour later, Tainewasher responded, “I have it,” and “[o]n my way.”"

Was there police surveillance or other evidence of the underlying transaction(s)? No. But I'm fairly confident that, yes, at least one drug deal actually went down. (Particularly the last one.)

Now, am I certain of that fact beyond a reasonable doubt? Probably not. Which is Judge Graber's principal point.

But, FWIW, I would bet a lot of money that it did, in fact, actually happen.

De Meo v. Cooley LLP (Cal. Ct. App. - Oct. 8, 2025)

I'm always interested in published opinions that involve lawsuits against lawyers. Doubly so when the case involves a lawsuit against a big law frim -- here, against Cooley. And triply so when the opinion is written by the 4/1 down and arises down here in San Diego.

Hence my particular interest in this opinion earlier today. Which, as an added bonus, involves core issues of legal ethics, which is a particular interest and expertise of mine.

Justice Irion's opinion affirms the trial court's grant of summary judgment to Cooley, and her analysis seems exactly right to me. A huge problem for the plaintiff is that he admitted at his deposition that Cooley "made clear" to him that it believed (perhaps accurately) that it did not represent him, and that he was instead represented solely by his own lawyer. Once you say that in your deposition, you're hard pressed to submit a contrary (inadmissible) declaration that, as here, contradicts your deposition testimony. No representation, as a general matter (albeit with important exceptions), means no duty.

It also hurts plaintiff that their declaration from their legal ethics expert got excluded below, as well as how the plaintiff (and his counsel) attempted to address that issue on appeal. Here's what the Court of Appeal says on that front: (Plaintiff's legal ethics expert was a California lawyer, Edward McIntyre.)

"To support his contention that Cooley owed him a fiduciary duty, De Meo also relies, in extremely general terms, on the McIntyre Declaration. 

De Meo has not pointed us to any specific item in the McIntyre Declaration that he wants us to consider in support of his appeal. Instead, De Meo’s opening appellate brief refers, sweepingly, to paragraphs 138 through 202 of the McIntyre Declaration and states, without elaboration, that “McIntyre’s opinions demonstrate the existence and breach of fiduciary duty, along the same lines as the issues discussed” in the section of De Meo’s brief that discusses the manner in which Cooley allegedly violated the Rules of Professional Conduct. We are not required to search the record to develop De Meo’s arguments for him. (Meridian Financial Services, Inc. v. Phan (2021) 67 Cal.App.5th 657, 684 [“The reviewing court is not required to develop the parties’ arguments or search the record for supporting evidence and may instead treat arguments that are not developed or supported by adequate citations to the record as waived.”].)

 However, even if De Meo had identified any particular part of the McIntyre declaration that he wants us to consider, Cooley filed objections to large portions of the McIntyre Declaration, and the trial court sustained all of those objections. De Meo contends that the trial court erred in sustaining Cooley’s objections to the McIntyre Declaration. However, De Meo fails to develop the argument by directing us to any specific objections that he believes were improperly sustained. Instead, in a cursory argument, De Meo contends that the trial court erred, across the board, in sustaining all of Cooley’s objections."

That's not good enough. Which means, in the end, that summary judgment gets affirmed.

Did Cooley, in my view, make a mistake? Definitely. For one thing, no way should it have talked to De Meo without his lawyer present (and without the lawyer's consent) during the transaction. That's arguably (indeed, typically) a violation of the ethical rules, and it also led (in my view) directly to the lawsuit here. It also left Cooley open to De Meo claiming that Cooley told (or implied to) him that it was his lawyers. Cooley's just lucky that De Meo said what he did in his deposition. Had De Meo not done so, this case could easily have gone the other way.

Lesson of the day: Don't talk to a represented party without the other lawyer's consent (and, hopefully, presence).

People v. Molina (Cal. Ct. App. - Oct. 2, 2025)

Be nice to your kids. Otherwise they might put you in a home like this one (in Riverside):

"On January 24, a relative of a Secure Hands resident called the police after the relative visited the facility. When the responding officers entered the facility, they were overcome by the smell of human waste. The officers found one woman lying in fecal matter on a bare box spring. She had Alzheimer’s disease and was unable to move on her own or speak. She was unclothed except for a soiled adult diaper, and there was a mattress next to her that had feces and urine all over it. A second woman was trapped under another mattress in the same room. The second woman was also unclothed except for an adult diaper, which was saturated with feces and urine, and tears were streaming from her eyes. She appeared weak and asked for water; she said that she had not had water for days. The officers found a male resident in another room who appeared to be having a seizure.

The officers found Michael in a third room. He was screaming for food and said that he had not eaten in awhile. He also said that he had limited mobility and could not get out of bed that day. The pad on his bed was soaked with urine, and he reported that the pad had not been changed in days. Michael told the officers that someone came to care for him a few days per week, but that person had not been there for awhile. The person bathed him and changed his bed pad, but if she did not visit, the pad could go days without being changed."

There's additional disgusting stuff in the opinion as well. The place was a nightmare.

Fortunately, at least one person went to jail. Though, in this case, for only four months.

They are perhaps lucky that I was not the judge.

Berkeley People's Alliance v. City of Berkeley (Cal. Ct. App. - Sept. 30, 2025)

Here's an example, in my view, of the empty formality of texualism.

California's Brown Act states that city council meetings should generally be open to the public, but that "[i]n the event that any meeting is willfully interrupted by a group or groups of persons so as to render the orderly conduct of such meeting unfeasible and order cannot be restored by the removal of individuals who are willfully interrupting the meeting, the members of the legislative body conducting the meeting may order the meeting room cleared and continue in session.”

During three Berkeley city council meetings in late 2023 and early 2024, the public was disruptive, so the city council decided to close the meeting. But instead of physically removing the public from the room the city council was initially in, the city council moved to a different room and continued the session without the public. Plaintiffs sued, claiming that the Brown Act required the city council wasn't allowed to move to a new room, and instead had to stay in the same room but clear the public.

The trial court dismissed the lawsuit. The Court of Appeal reverses, holding that this states a claim under the Brown Act. Because the words of the statute expressly say that the city council could "order the [] room cleared and continue in session" but don't expressly say that the city council can move rooms.

To me, that's silly. It matters not one iota what room they're in. The public's excluded. Who cares whether it's the original room or a different one? Moreover, there's good reason to simply move rooms. That way you don't have to physically remove people, with the resulting potential for violence.

Yes, the statute says "order the meeting room cleared and continue in session." But that's what the city council did. It "ordered the meeting room cleared" -- albeit after it had moved to a different room; i.e., eventually, the public was cleared" and "continue[d] in session" (in a different room). The words of the statute weren't violated.

And even if they were, I'd have interpreted the Brown Act pursuant to Section 3533 of the Civil Code, which dictates the statutory maxim that "The law disregards trifles." It's irrelevant whether the initial meeting room is cleared and the meeting continues in that empty room or whether that initial room is emptied only later and the meeting continues in a different room. The public isn't there either way. The difference is a trifle (if that).

Ditto for Section 3511 ("Where the reason is the same, the rule should be the same."), Section 3528 ("The law respects form less than substance."), and Section 3532 ("The law does not require idle acts.").

I would have affirmed. (And were I on the California Supreme Court, I would vote to grant review and reverse. 'Cause the resulting opinion, in my view, literally requires only a half-dozen pages. It's easy..

Kashanian v. National Enterprise Systems (Cal. Ct. App. - Oct. 1, 2025)

Kudos to Justice Rodriquez for publishing this opinion today. The trial court thought that plaintiff didn't have standing to seek statutory damages since he didn't suffer any actual injury, so dismissed the lawsuit. That's clearly wrong. Standing in state court is different than in federal court. (And, even there, statutory damages sometimes themselves create standing.) The statute here allows statutory damages -- in order to deter misconduct -- even absent actual injury. Exactly right.

Ridley v. Rancho Palma Grande HOA (Cal. Ct. App. - Sept. 29, 2025)

Ah, the joys of owning a condo.

Especially when, as here, the building is accidentally built above an abandon, unregistered water well.

Sounds like an absolute nightmare.

Estate of Esche v. Bunuel-Jordan (9th Cir. - Sept. 29, 2025)

There's only one published California appellate opinion thus far today -- this one from the Ninth Circuit. Fortunately, it's somewhat interesting. Equally fortunately, Judge Berzon begins her opinion with a nice summary of both the case and the result, saying:

"On its merits, this case raises troubling questions: Did private health-care providers acting under color of state law violate a patient’s constitutional rights when, without a court order, they forcibly held her in a hospital for a month; subjected her to medical, including psychiatric and prenatal, treatment; did not allow her to contact a lawyer; and then, after her daughter was born, allowed her to leave in so fragile a condition that she died outside near the hospital that night? But we cannot answer those questions today. The district court’s denial of the health-care providers’ good-faith defense to § 1983 liability is not immediately appealable under the collateral order doctrine, so there is no decision within our jurisdiction to review. That conclusion eliminates any basis for our jurisdiction over the cross-appeal brought by the patient’s survivors. We accordingly dismiss these appeals."

The opinion seems definitely correct; it's not a final judgment, and the federal defense at issue is not akin to qualified immunity, so yeah, no appellate jurisdiction. On that (dispositive) point, I wholeheartedly agree.

I had a slightly different reaction than Judge Berzon, though, on the merits.

From the introduction, I thought that I would be heavily sympathetic to the plaintiff. And, in truth, I kinda am. After reading the entirety of the facts, I might have added the word "allegedly" to that introductory paragraph, but overall, it accurately summarizes what plaintiff claims to have transpired.

At the same time, I find it somewhat difficult to reconcile any potential outrage at the hospital's (alleged) initial conduct with any potential outrage at the final result. From Judge Berzon's introduction, I definitely felt like the hospital was not giving the patient very much autonomy. I learned later in the opinion that the hospital (through its psychiatrist) did file a petition to involuntarily hold the plaintiff in the hospital, but the hospital held here there in the interim while the petition was pending. Clearly the better option would have been to get a TRO and a court order for that interim period so, yes, there's a real issue about whether the hospital was justified in holding the plaintiff in the hospital, and treating her there, against her wishes.

But that initial sentiment is somewhat contradicted by the final result -- one that Judge Berzon's opinion distinctly mentions, but that didn't really hit home until the subsequent recitation of the ultimate facts.

Pursuant to the pending petition, the hospital held her there, and treated her, until her child was born, even though he continuously objected and demanded to leave. Once the child was born, however, the hospital finally relented, and granted her the autonomy that she so desperately sought. Two days after the c-section, they told her that if she really wanted to leave, it was 100% against their medical advice, but at that point, if she was absolutely set on declining medical treatment, it was her choice, and when she insisted on leaving, they then dropped the petition and -- again, totally AMA -- let her leave.

Which is when she promptly dropped dead on a porch not far from the entrance to the hospital.

There's a lingering sentiment in me that says you can't have it both ways. You can't complain about not being allowed to leave the hospital and then simultaneously complain about dropping dead after they finally relent and release you. It's one or the other. And the fact that she did, in fact, drop dead shortly after leaving the hospital seems to me a strong argument for not letting her leave the hospital, especially during that period in which she had an about-to-be born child inside of her.

Admittedly, those are all issue that relate to the merits, and a jury will ultimately get to decide whether what the hospital did was justified or not. And, again, the much better practice would have been to get all of this blessed by a judge in advance as part of the involuntary commitment petition.

But it nonetheless seems difficult to me for one to argue that you should have been left to leave the hospital when, upon actually being released, you promptly (and presumably involuntarily) ceased to exist.

Wolfswinkle v. Gordon (Cal. Ct. App. - Sept. 3, 2025)

As readers may know, I read all of the published opinions from the California Court of Appeal (alongside the Ninth Circuit and the California Supreme Court), but on occasion, I also peruse the unpublished Court of Appeal opinions -- at least the ones down here from San Diego.

After all, you gotta keep up with one's neighbors, right?

So, today, I stumbled across this opinion from earlier this month. Someone -- Tiffany L. Wolfswinkel -- was (allegedly) talking on her cell phone while driving, got pulled over by the cops, the officers noticed that she had watery eyes and slurred speech (plus smelled of alcohol), and placed her under arrest. When they searched her car, they also found two bottles of whiskey, one of which was opened and almost empty. Ms. Wolfwinkel subsequently blew a .25 (twice) when tested for BAC.

Reminder for the day: Don't talk on your cell phone if you're driving while drunk. It gives the police a reason to stop you.

Anyway, Ms. Wolfswinkel loses her license for driving drunk, but appeals, and prevails (!) on a procedural technicality. She then moves to recover her attorney's fees, which the trial court denies, and the Court of Appeal affirms. Albeit in an unpublished opinion.

Which is somewhat fortunate for Ms. Wolfswinkel. Because were I to have a somewhat unique name, I'm not sure that would have made the call to file an appeal and risk a published opinion that permanently reminded the world that I'd been (allegedly) talking on my cell phone while driving with a .25 BAC.